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The 44 Thai consonants: names, classes and sounds
The table lists the letters in dictionary order. Name is how Thais say the letter (the letter’s sound plus a keyword). Sounds are given in RTGS, the official romanization; the family-friendly spelling is the one our app uses. Colours mark the class: mid, high, low (the class name is always written too).
| # | Letter | Name | Keyword means | Class | Initial | Final |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ก | ก ไก่ gor gai · RTGS ko kai | chicken | mid | k | k |
| 2 | ข | ข ไข่ khor khai · RTGS kho khai | egg | high | kh | k |
| 3 | ฃ | ฃ ขวด khor khuat · RTGS kho khuat | bottle (obsolete) | high | kh | – |
| 4 | ค | ค ควาย khor khwaai · RTGS kho khwai | water buffalo | low | kh | k |
| 5 | ฅ | ฅ คน khor khon · RTGS kho khon | person (obsolete) | low | kh | – |
| 6 | ฆ | ฆ ระฆัง khor ra-khang · RTGS kho rakhang | bell | low | kh | k |
| 7 | ง | ง งู ngor nguu · RTGS ngo ngu | snake | low | ng | ng |
| 8 | จ | จ จาน jor jaan · RTGS cho chan | plate | mid | ch | t |
| 9 | ฉ | ฉ ฉิ่ง chor ching · RTGS cho ching | small cymbals | high | ch | – |
| 10 | ช | ช ช้าง chor chaang · RTGS cho chang | elephant | low | ch | t |
| 11 | ซ | ซ โซ่ sor soh · RTGS so so | chain | low | s | t |
| 12 | ฌ | ฌ เฌอ chor cher · RTGS cho choe | tree | low | ch | t |
| 13 | ญ | ญ หญิง yor ying · RTGS yo ying | woman | low | y | n |
| 14 | ฎ | ฎ ชฎา dor cha-daa · RTGS do chada | dancer’s headdress | mid | d | t |
| 15 | ฏ | ฏ ปฏัก tor pa-tak · RTGS to patak | ox goad | mid | t | t |
| 16 | ฐ | ฐ ฐาน thor thaan · RTGS tho than | pedestal | high | th | t |
| 17 | ฑ | ฑ มณโฑ thor mon-thoh · RTGS tho montho | Montho, a queen in the Ramakien Read d in some words, such as บัณฑิต (bandit, graduate). | low | th | t |
| 18 | ฒ | ฒ ผู้เฒ่า thor phuu thao · RTGS tho phu thao | old man | low | th | t |
| 19 | ณ | ณ เณร nor nen · RTGS no nen | novice monk | low | n | n |
| 20 | ด | ด เด็ก dor dek · RTGS do dek | child | mid | d | t |
| 21 | ต | ต เต่า tor tao · RTGS to tao | turtle | mid | t | t |
| 22 | ถ | ถ ถุง thor thung · RTGS tho thung | bag | high | th | t |
| 23 | ท | ท ทหาร thor tha-haan · RTGS tho thahan | soldier | low | th | t |
| 24 | ธ | ธ ธง thor thong · RTGS tho thong | flag | low | th | t |
| 25 | น | น หนู nor nuu · RTGS no nu | mouse | low | n | n |
| 26 | บ | บ ใบไม้ bor bai mai · RTGS bo bai mai | leaf | mid | b | p |
| 27 | ป | ป ปลา por plaa · RTGS po pla | fish | mid | p | p |
| 28 | ผ | ผ ผึ้ง phor phueng · RTGS pho phueng | bee | high | ph | – |
| 29 | ฝ | ฝ ฝา for faa · RTGS fo fa | lid | high | f | – |
| 30 | พ | พ พาน phor phaan · RTGS pho phan | offering tray on a stand | low | ph | p |
| 31 | ฟ | ฟ ฟัน for fan · RTGS fo fan | tooth | low | f | p |
| 32 | ภ | ภ สำเภา phor sam-phao · RTGS pho samphao | junk (sailing ship) | low | ph | p |
| 33 | ม | ม ม้า mor maa · RTGS mo ma | horse | low | m | m |
| 34 | ย | ย ยักษ์ yor yak · RTGS yo yak | giant At the end of a syllable it makes the vowel glide to i (ยาย yaai, คุย khui). | low | y | i (glide) |
| 35 | ร | ร เรือ ror ruea · RTGS ro ruea | boat | low | r | n |
| 36 | ล | ล ลิง lor ling · RTGS lo ling | monkey | low | l | n |
| 37 | ว | ว แหวน wor waen · RTGS wo waen | ring At the end of a syllable it makes the vowel glide to o/w (ข้าว khaao, แล้ว laew). | low | w | o / w (glide) |
| 38 | ศ | ศ ศาลา sor saa-laa · RTGS so sala | pavilion | high | s | t |
| 39 | ษ | ษ ฤๅษี sor rue-sii · RTGS so ruesi | hermit | high | s | t |
| 40 | ส | ส เสือ sor suea · RTGS so suea | tiger | high | s | t |
| 41 | ห | ห หีบ hor hiip · RTGS ho hip | chest (box) Written silent before ง ญ น ม ย ร ล ว, it moves the syllable into the high class (หนู nuu, หลาน laan). | high | h | – |
| 42 | ฬ | ฬ จุฬา lor ju-laa · RTGS lo chula | star-shaped kite | low | l | n |
| 43 | อ | อ อ่าง or aang · RTGS o ang | basin Starts a syllable that begins with a vowel (อิ่ม im). It is also a vowel letter (พ่อ phor). | mid | (silent) | – |
| 44 | ฮ | ฮ นกฮูก hor nok huuk · RTGS ho nok huk | owl | low | h | – |
The three classes at a glance
| Class | Letters | Count |
|---|---|---|
| mid | ก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ | 9 |
| high | ข ฉ ฐ ถ ผ ฝ ศ ษ ส ห | 10 |
| low | ค ฆ ง ช ซ ฌ ญ ฑ ฒ ณ ท ธ น พ ฟ ภ ม ย ร ล ว ฬ ฮ | 23 |
A common memory trick: the mid class is the short list, so learn it by heart, then learn the high class. Anything else is low. The tone chart shows what each class does.
The obsolete letters
ฃ (kho khuat) and ฅ (kho khon) sound exactly like ข and ค. They dropped out of use and are no longer used in modern spelling, but they keep their place in the alphabet, the alphabet chant and on Thai keyboards.
Eight final sounds
At the end of a syllable, Thai only allows k, t, p, m, n, ng and the glides w and y. So ก ข ค ฆ all end as k; จ ช ซ ด ต ถ ท ธ ศ ษ ส and their rarer cousins end as t; บ ป พ ฟ ภ end as p; น ณ ญ ร ล ฬ end as n. Six letters (ฉ ผ ฝ ห อ ฮ) never end a syllable.
Questions people ask
How many consonants does Thai have?
44 consonant letters. Two of them, ฃ and ฅ, are obsolete and no longer used in spelling, so 42 are in everyday use. Many of them share a sound.
Why does every Thai letter have a name like ก ไก่?
Several letters share a sound, so each one is named after a word that starts with it: ก ไก่ (chicken), ข ไข่ (egg). Thai children learn the alphabet by chanting these names, and adults spell words aloud with them.
What are the three consonant classes?
Mid, high and low. The class of a syllable’s first consonant, together with the tone mark and the kind of syllable, decides its tone. Mid class has 9 letters, high class 11 (one obsolete) and low class 24 (one obsolete).
Why do some letters sound different at the end of a word?
Thai has only eight final sounds. A letter that is s or ch at the start of a syllable is read t at the end; ร and ล are read n. So the ส in สวัสดี is read t (sa-wat-dii), and the ล in เช็คบิล is read n (chek bin).
Sources
All links read on .
- Wikipedia: Thai script (consonant table: names, RTGS, initial and final sounds, classes)
- Wikipedia: Royal Thai General System of Transcription (the Royal Institute's 1999 tables)
- Omniglot: Thai alphabet, pronunciation and language
- Office of the Royal Society: Royal Institute Dictionary (keyword spellings and meanings)
Letter names, sounds, classes and tone rules follow the standard references above. The Thai on these pages is a draft until a native speaker has reviewed it. Spotted a mistake? Tell us.