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The 44 Thai consonants: names, classes and sounds

By lukkrueng.com editorsLast checked

The table lists the letters in dictionary order. Name is how Thais say the letter (the letter’s sound plus a keyword). Sounds are given in RTGS, the official romanization; the family-friendly spelling is the one our app uses. Colours mark the class: mid, high, low (the class name is always written too).

The 44 Thai consonants
#LetterNameKeyword meansClassInitialFinal
1กก ไก่
gor gai · RTGS ko kai
chickenmidkk
2ขข ไข่
khor khai · RTGS kho khai
egghighkhk
3ฃฃ ขวด
khor khuat · RTGS kho khuat
bottle (obsolete)highkh–
4คค ควาย
khor khwaai · RTGS kho khwai
water buffalolowkhk
5ฅฅ คน
khor khon · RTGS kho khon
person (obsolete)lowkh–
6ฆฆ ระฆัง
khor ra-khang · RTGS kho rakhang
belllowkhk
7งง งู
ngor nguu · RTGS ngo ngu
snakelowngng
8จจ จาน
jor jaan · RTGS cho chan
platemidcht
9ฉฉ ฉิ่ง
chor ching · RTGS cho ching
small cymbalshighch–
10ชช ช้าง
chor chaang · RTGS cho chang
elephantlowcht
11ซซ โซ่
sor soh · RTGS so so
chainlowst
12ฌฌ เฌอ
chor cher · RTGS cho choe
treelowcht
13ญญ หญิง
yor ying · RTGS yo ying
womanlowyn
14ฎฎ ชฎา
dor cha-daa · RTGS do chada
dancer’s headdressmiddt
15ฏฏ ปฏัก
tor pa-tak · RTGS to patak
ox goadmidtt
16ฐฐ ฐาน
thor thaan · RTGS tho than
pedestalhightht
17ฑฑ มณโฑ
thor mon-thoh · RTGS tho montho
Montho, a queen in the Ramakien Read d in some words, such as บัณฑิต (bandit, graduate).lowtht
18ฒฒ ผู้เฒ่า
thor phuu thao · RTGS tho phu thao
old manlowtht
19ณณ เณร
nor nen · RTGS no nen
novice monklownn
20ดด เด็ก
dor dek · RTGS do dek
childmiddt
21ตต เต่า
tor tao · RTGS to tao
turtlemidtt
22ถถ ถุง
thor thung · RTGS tho thung
baghightht
23ทท ทหาร
thor tha-haan · RTGS tho thahan
soldierlowtht
24ธธ ธง
thor thong · RTGS tho thong
flaglowtht
25นน หนู
nor nuu · RTGS no nu
mouselownn
26บบ ใบไม้
bor bai mai · RTGS bo bai mai
leafmidbp
27ปป ปลา
por plaa · RTGS po pla
fishmidpp
28ผผ ผึ้ง
phor phueng · RTGS pho phueng
beehighph–
29ฝฝ ฝา
for faa · RTGS fo fa
lidhighf–
30พพ พาน
phor phaan · RTGS pho phan
offering tray on a standlowphp
31ฟฟ ฟัน
for fan · RTGS fo fan
toothlowfp
32ภภ สำเภา
phor sam-phao · RTGS pho samphao
junk (sailing ship)lowphp
33มม ม้า
mor maa · RTGS mo ma
horselowmm
34ยย ยักษ์
yor yak · RTGS yo yak
giant At the end of a syllable it makes the vowel glide to i (ยาย yaai, คุย khui).lowyi (glide)
35รร เรือ
ror ruea · RTGS ro ruea
boatlowrn
36ลล ลิง
lor ling · RTGS lo ling
monkeylowln
37วว แหวน
wor waen · RTGS wo waen
ring At the end of a syllable it makes the vowel glide to o/w (ข้าว khaao, แล้ว laew).lowwo / w (glide)
38ศศ ศาลา
sor saa-laa · RTGS so sala
pavilionhighst
39ษษ ฤๅษี
sor rue-sii · RTGS so ruesi
hermithighst
40สส เสือ
sor suea · RTGS so suea
tigerhighst
41หห หีบ
hor hiip · RTGS ho hip
chest (box) Written silent before ง ญ น ม ย ร ล ว, it moves the syllable into the high class (หนู nuu, หลาน laan).highh–
42ฬฬ จุฬา
lor ju-laa · RTGS lo chula
star-shaped kitelowln
43ออ อ่าง
or aang · RTGS o ang
basin Starts a syllable that begins with a vowel (อิ่ม im). It is also a vowel letter (พ่อ phor).mid(silent)–
44ฮฮ นกฮูก
hor nok huuk · RTGS ho nok huk
owllowh–

The three classes at a glance

Consonants by class (letters in use)
ClassLettersCount
midก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ9
highข ฉ ฐ ถ ผ ฝ ศ ษ ส ห10
lowค ฆ ง ช ซ ฌ ญ ฑ ฒ ณ ท ธ น พ ฟ ภ ม ย ร ล ว ฬ ฮ23

A common memory trick: the mid class is the short list, so learn it by heart, then learn the high class. Anything else is low. The tone chart shows what each class does.

The obsolete letters

ฃ (kho khuat) and ฅ (kho khon) sound exactly like ข and ค. They dropped out of use and are no longer used in modern spelling, but they keep their place in the alphabet, the alphabet chant and on Thai keyboards.

Eight final sounds

At the end of a syllable, Thai only allows k, t, p, m, n, ng and the glides w and y. So ก ข ค ฆ all end as k; จ ช ซ ด ต ถ ท ธ ศ ษ ส and their rarer cousins end as t; บ ป พ ฟ ภ end as p; น ณ ญ ร ล ฬ end as n. Six letters (ฉ ผ ฝ ห อ ฮ) never end a syllable.

Questions people ask

How many consonants does Thai have?

44 consonant letters. Two of them, ฃ and ฅ, are obsolete and no longer used in spelling, so 42 are in everyday use. Many of them share a sound.

Why does every Thai letter have a name like ก ไก่?

Several letters share a sound, so each one is named after a word that starts with it: ก ไก่ (chicken), ข ไข่ (egg). Thai children learn the alphabet by chanting these names, and adults spell words aloud with them.

What are the three consonant classes?

Mid, high and low. The class of a syllable’s first consonant, together with the tone mark and the kind of syllable, decides its tone. Mid class has 9 letters, high class 11 (one obsolete) and low class 24 (one obsolete).

Why do some letters sound different at the end of a word?

Thai has only eight final sounds. A letter that is s or ch at the start of a syllable is read t at the end; ร and ล are read n. So the ส in สวัสดี is read t (sa-wat-dii), and the ล in เช็คบิล is read n (chek bin).

Sources

All links read on .

  1. Wikipedia: Thai script (consonant table: names, RTGS, initial and final sounds, classes)
  2. Wikipedia: Royal Thai General System of Transcription (the Royal Institute's 1999 tables)
  3. Omniglot: Thai alphabet, pronunciation and language
  4. Office of the Royal Society: Royal Institute Dictionary (keyword spellings and meanings)

Letter names, sounds, classes and tone rules follow the standard references above. The Thai on these pages is a draft until a native speaker has reviewed it. Spotted a mistake? Tell us.